Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities Practice Test

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• The number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce is referred to as which attribute?
• In digital imaging, which term describes the Detective Quantum Efficiency preserved regardless of patient dose?
• In imaging, lower frequencies permit greater penetration, enabling visualization of which target?
• For screen-film systems, the commonly cited spatial resolution value is around how many lp/mm?
• In which modality does bone attenuate or weaken x-ray photons?
• Which modality shows 3 lp/mm resolution?
• Which imaging modality uses high-frequency sound waves to produce medical images of soft tissue structures?
• Which imaging modality can be used to characterize central nervous system tumors?
• Which three image planes constitute the standard MRI imaging orientations?
• What term describes substances used to visualize biological processes in PET?
• Which area is not listed as a PET clinical application in the material?
• Which modality is designed to deliver a maximum dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding normal tissue?
• In MRI, what term describes the return of nuclei to thermal equilibrium after the RF pulse is turned off?
• Which professional is most likely to perform the ultrasound exam and provide the initial clinical impression?
• What diagnostic ultrasound range in MHz is typical?
• As the strength of the magnetic field increases, what happens to the rate of precession?
• What is the commonly cited spatial resolution limit for screen-film mammography, expressed in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm)?
• What is the net nuclear spin produced by unbalanced nuclei called?
• SPECT imaging provides 3D images of what?
• The ability to render small objects on the image describes which term?
• Which term describes the broad range of ultrasound applications including abdominal, obstetric and gynecologic, cardiac, superficial parts, vascular, musculoskeletal, and pediatric?
• Which PET finding would indicate an active seizure?
• In DXA spine positioning, the scan commonly extends from the T12 vertebra to which landmark?
• Which statement defines a normal T-score?
• Compared with older guidelines, the common resolution value often cited for screen-film mammography practice is
• Area accessible to the public?
• Which imaging modality can be used to visualize the fetal heart?
• Which imaging modalities map a region of tissue?
• Who is primarily responsible for interpreting nuclear medicine procedures?
• Which rare element is highly metallic and magnetic?
• What is the typical radiation exposure rate for Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)?
• Osteopenia is defined by which T-score range?
• Protons aligned against the main magnetic field are characterized as which energy state, and are they typically used for imaging?
• Which mathematical transform is used to reconstruct raw MRI data into images?
• In practice, screen-film mammography resolution of about 15 lp/mm means that approximately how many line pairs are visible per millimeter?
• Which physical process enables PET imaging?
• 13N-ammonia is used to measure what in PET?
• Which modalities have a spatial resolution of 1.5 lp/mm?
• Which modality shows 6 lp/mm resolution?
• Which imaging modality lacks ionizing radiation?
• What is the energy of photons produced by positron-electron annihilation in PET?
• Which device delivers gamma radiation from cobalt-60 to treat tumors?
• Which concept is related to the absorption coefficient and the spatial frequency of the image-forming x-ray beam?
• Which term refers to studies examining gastric emptying, biliary function, and liver/spleen activity?
• Which imaging modality is described as producing medical images of soft tissue structures using high-frequency sound waves?
• In screen-film mammography, the practical limit for resolving fine details is commonly cited as approximately
• Which term represents the measurement of bone mineral content?
• Ultrasound imaging progressed to digital format during which decade?
• Which term describes the deposition of radioactive material in locations where its presence is not desired?
• Which device uses gamma ray radiation to treat tumors, such as with a cobalt-60 source?
• Which detector is used by SPECT imaging?
• Which imaging modality is commonly used without ionizing radiation and is well-suited for soft tissue imaging?
• What is the primary imaging modality for pediatric patients?
• Which imaging modality visualizes metabolic processes using radioactive tracers?
• Osteoporosis is defined as a T-score of:
• What is the product of the moment of inertia and angular acceleration?
• Anatomic and functional evaluations of the kidneys are classified as
• What imaging metric is determined principally by pixel size?
• What is the SI unit of magnetic flux density used in MRI?
• Which statement is true about MR and CT imaging?
• Which technique is nonionizing and used to assess BMD in peripheral sites?
• Which modalities share the 1.5 lp/mm resolution?
• Gastric emptying, hepatobiliary studies, liver and spleen studies are collectively termed
• Which term is used for measuring bone mineral density, often abbreviated as BMD?
• Besides hydrogen, which nucleus is listed among common MR spectroscopy nuclei?
• If net magnetization increases, which is the most accurate description of imaging contribution?
• What tracer is used to evaluate glucose metabolism in PET imaging?
• What is the most common nucleus used for MR spectroscopy?
• For spine MRI, which coil is used?
• Which describes the quantity or mass of bone, measured in grams?
• In MRI physics, what term describes the alignment of randomly precessing protons into a common phase after an RF pulse?
• Which term reflects the general category that includes ultrasound applications across body regions?
• Which statement is true about PET imaging?
• Which radiotracer besides 15O-water is used to assess blood flow or perfusion in PET?
• Which phenomenon describes energy exchange between spin states at a specific frequency?
• Which statement correctly lists the routes of administration for radiopharmaceuticals?
• Which technology produces a photon beam by accelerating electrons with microwave energy fired from an electron gun?
• What term denotes the time required for an organism to eliminate half of an administered dose of a substance through normal processes?
• What is the ratio of bone mineral content to projected bone area measured in g/cm^2?
• The MRI signal used to measure neural activity via changes in blood oxygenation is known as what?
• Which modality shows 2 lp/mm resolution?
• Which category includes imaging of the liver and spleen along with evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract?
• In Alzheimer's disease, which brain process is reduced in several key regions?
• Inside the magnet room, all ferromagnetic objects must be removed. Which zone is this?
• Which relaxation process is associated with recovery of longitudinal magnetization toward equilibrium after excitation?
• What acts as a receiver that processes the echoes returning from inside the body in ultrasound?
• Which modality uses sealed radioactive isotopes placed in tissues, body cavities, or on body surfaces?
• Which value represents a typical spatial resolution for screen-film mammography?
• Doppler ultrasonography, used to study vascular structure and the behavior of flowing blood, appeared in which decade?
• Which approach uses external radiation to treat tumors without implanting sources inside the body?
• SPECT stands for which of the following?
• Which tracer is used to evaluate myocardial perfusion?
• What is the simplest type of nuclear imaging?
• Areal BMD measurements by DXA are reported in which unit?
• Which therapy is commonly used for superficial cancers or localized primary tumors?
• Which of the following describes the coil used in MRI to act as an antenna?
• Which term best describes the broad field of ultrasound practice across multiple body systems?
• Uptake within bone, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, heart, lung, and thyroid systems is categorized as which overall category in nuclear medicine?
• Which modality is NOT listed among those that map a region of tissue?
• Who is responsible for prescribing the radiotherapy treatment plan?
• Which factor is least likely to limit spatial resolution in screen-film mammography?
• In clinical practice, the spatial resolution of screen-film mammography is commonly quoted as approximately
• Nuclear medicine imaging primarily evaluates changes in organ what?
• What modality uses x-rays, gamma rays, and particulate radiation to destroy cancer cells?
• Which tracer is used to assess metabolic activity in PET imaging, including cancer and epilepsy?
• Is PET inherently a 3D modality?
• What is the most commonly used nuclide in nuclear medicine?
• A hybrid imaging system commonly used in nuclear medicine combines CT with which modality?
• Which statement best describes the role of the NM technologist?
• 11C-methionine is used to study which process?
• Who performs the ultrasound study and provides initial interpretation?
• By this age more bone is removed than replaced.
• Nuclei that have an odd number of protons and neutrons are described as what?
• Expressed in line pair per millimeter, which imaging concept describes this primary unit?
• Which transformation converts the raw MRI data into an image?
• What technique localizes areas of brain function such as language, memory, vision, and movement?
• Which role is primarily responsible for administering treatments and maintaining records in a radiotherapy setting?
• Sodium iodide taken orally for evaluation of hyper- or hypothyroidism is called a
• What is the common MRI magnetic field strength range?
• RF pulses deposit energy into the patient to excite hydrogen nuclei. Which modality uses this principle?
• Which term describes the ability to distinguish many shades of gray from black to white?
• Which field uses sophisticated computer applications to determine treatment angles and depth?
• Which imaging modality uses magnetic fields, radiofrequency pulses and a computer to generate cross-sectional slices?
• What statement best describes phase coherence achieved by the RF pulse in MRI?
• Which of the following best describes 15 lp/mm in the context of screen-film mammography?
• Which zone is the outermost area where the public can access without MR safety screening?
• Which cancer therapy is defined as short-distance therapy, using implanted or nearby radioactive sources?
• Which term refers to the processing stage where raw image data are transformed into the final image?
• Which term describes radiotherapy delivered from outside the body?
• Which cells remove bone, causing bones resorption?
• Which modality has the highest resolution among the listed?
• Which term refers to the measurement of how clearly small, closely spaced structures can be resolved in an image?
• Theragnostic agents in PET combine which capabilities?
• What does PET detect in tissues?
• Which nucleus from the common MR spectroscopy list is used to study cellular energy metabolism and is represented by the symbol Phosphorus?
• Which term describes a noninvasive method to assess bone density?
• Which statement best explains why MRI can distinguish tissues?
• Which imaging modality is specifically designed to visualize metabolic processes in tissues using radioactive tracers?
• Which patient group is described as the primary users of ultrasound as the imaging modality?
• What are the two primary relaxation time constants used in MRI?
• Which statement about SPECT is false?
• Which is a leading cause of heart failure assessed by PET?
• Higher frequencies permit less penetration but provide a higher resolution image for which structures?
• Which term describes the evaluation of heart muscle perfusion using stress and rest imaging?
• Common positron-emitting radionuclides include which of the following?
• 11C-methionine PET is used to image which metabolic pathway?
• Which term describes the deposition of radioactive material in unintended locations?
• What category describes external beam radiation techniques used to treat cancer from outside the body?
• Ventilation/perfusion tests are used to evaluate which body region?
• PET aids in diagnosis by detecting functional changes and quantifying what in lesions?
• If net magnetization increases, what happens to imaging?
• Calibration and maintenance of equipment is the responsibility of
• Which factor most directly contributes to the strength of the MR signal among the following?
• Which professional administers treatments and maintains records?
• Area near the magnet room, patients must be accompanied by MR personnel?
• Which statement correctly describes energy state for imaging: protons in lower energy state contribute to net magnetization used for imaging?
• Inside magnet room, all ferromagnetic objects must be removed?
• Which PET finding corresponds to seizure-free status?
• Which radiotracer is used to measure blood flow or perfusion?
• Who interprets the ultrasound study and provides diagnosis?
• Which statement describes the primary role of the radiofrequency coil in MRI?
• Who provides patient education and monitors care?
• Which imaging modality uses a dual-energy X-ray beam to determine the areal mass of tissue and estimate bone mineral density?
• Which tracer is used to localize seizure site for epilepsy in PET imaging?
• Which are the standard orientations used in MRI imaging?
• Non-glucose based radiopharmaceuticals are described as which type of agents?
• Which term best describes echocardiography, pericardial effusion, septal defects and heart valve defects?
• Interpretation of nuclear medicine procedures is the responsibility of
• Which term refers to the imaging-based assessment of bone density?
• Which term describes the relative difference in signal strength between two adjacent tissue types in MRI?
• Which therapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed inside or near the tumor to deliver radiation from within?
• What term describes the basic measurable data carrying image information about the object?
• Which value best represents the practical limit of spatial resolution for screen-film mammography?
• What term describes the use of external beam radiation to treat tumor tissues?
• Which device has a spatial resolution of 0.1 lp/mm?
• The standard hybrid nuclear medicine system combines which modalities?
• Which concept describes the extent to which the imaging system preserves image contrast across spatial frequencies?
• What is the most common site for quantitative ultrasound measurements?
• 13N-Ammonia is commonly used to assess which parameter?
• In Alzheimer's disease, what is dramatically decreased in several key brain areas?
• If a screen-film system resolves 15 lp/mm, how many line pairs are visible within one millimeter?
• Which area is listed as an ultrasound application area?
• The Z-score compares an individual's BMD to what reference group?
• The exchange of energy between low and high energy spin states at a specific frequency is called:
• Gd-DTPA is best described as which type of agent used in MRI?
• Which radiotracer is used to measure glucose metabolism?
• Which term describes noninvasive, functional assessment of synovial joints?
• Which method measures the bone mineral content and bone mineral density of specific sites in the body?
• Reviews imaging protocols and dosimetry records are the responsibility of
• Who prescribes the radiotherapy treatment plan?
• Which coil is used for spine, abdomen, and pelvis MRI?
• What software is used to diagnose current and potential vertebral fractures?
• What is the process called when radiation loses intensity as it passes through matter?
• What is the typical half-life range of PET tracers?
• Which term describes the ability to distinguish two adjacent lines as separate?
• Which measure, in numbers, is used to express the spatial resolution of screen-film mammography?
• The fundamental MRI sequences used are T1, T2, and Gd-DTPA. These sequences are used to image which regions?
• Myocardial perfusion (stress/rest) imaging is categorized as
• The electrical signal from the RF coil is transmitted through which component?
• Which modality uses energies of 6–20 MeV to treat deep-seated tumors?
• Nuclear medicine imaging is primarily used to visualize which aspect of organs?
• Handling, assessment, and administration of radionuclides is the responsibility of which professional?
• Which modality shows 8 lp/mm resolution?
• In nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals visualize which aspect of an organ?
• The measure expressed in g/cm^2 is which?
• The appearance of tissues on an MR image is primarily influenced by which relaxations?
• In radiopharmacy, what is the primary purpose of a cyclotron?
• Which statement correctly describes the conversion of continuous MRI signals into a form suitable for digital processing?
• Which term refers to the portion of the image-forming x-rays that represents anatomy?
• Screen-film mammography typically provides around how many lp/mm of spatial resolution?
• In which decade did ultrasound first become capable of producing a two-dimensional image composed of grayscale dots?
• PET applications span which clinical domains?
• Which value is frequently cited as the practical limit of spatial resolution in screen-film mammography?
• An increase in glycolysis in a region on PET indicates which condition?
• Which coil is used for joint imaging?
• Which treatment involves insertion of low-intensity radioactive nuclides inside the body close to the tumor?
• Who outlines the plan to administer the desired dosage to the treatment area?
• Intraoperative radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and stereotactic body radiation therapy are examples of what category?
• Which device has the lowest spatial resolution among these modalities?
• Which concept describes how x-ray photons are weakened by the presence of bone?
• Public area where safety screenings are performed?
• Which coil is used for brain MRI?
• Which term describes osteoporosis with a history of fracture?
• Which imaging modality is distinguished from Nuclear Medicine by the physics of positron decay?
• DXA measures areal BMD and reports it in which unit?
• Which imaging modality is excellent for examining the liver and gallbladder?
• What are major specialty areas for the field of sonography?
• Which relaxation process is associated with loss of phase coherence among spins?
• The gyromagnetic ratio is commonly expressed in which units?
• Which quantity is determined by the number of nuclei per unit volume and their orientation with respect to relaxation?
• Teletherapy, or long distance therapy, refers to which treatment approach?
• Which camera is used in SPECT imaging?
• A patient has a T-score of -2.7 with one prior fracture. This condition is categorized as:
• Positron annihilation with an electron produces what?
• 10,000 Gauss is equal to how many Tesla?
• Protons parallel with the main magnetic field are low energy protons. Are they used for imaging?
• Which term describes imaging of vascular structures, deep vein thrombosis, and blood flow direction (Doppler)?
• Which term denotes the system's capacity to display a wide range of gray levels?
• Gd-DTPA is best described as which type of agent used in MRI?
• What field uses ionizing radiation, computers, and a team of healthcare professionals to treat cancer?
• What are the main categories of nuclear imaging?
• Which measure is used to detect neural activity in functional MRI?
• Which modality enables dynamic evaluation of joints?
• Which cells build or replace bone tissue?
• Which modality shows 4 lp/mm resolution?
• Which modality is better for visualizing soft tissue structures and provides detailed views of the brain's posterior fossa and spinal cord?
• Most positron emitters are created by which device?
• Which statement is most accurate about screen-film mammography resolution?
• Which modality allows differentiation between solid and cystic structures?
• What are the primary aims of radiation oncology?
• Severe osteoporosis is characterized by a T-score of -2.5 or lower with:
• Which statement about RF pulses in MRI is true?
• Which term refers to the broad category that includes intraoperative radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and stereotactic body radiation therapy?
• 18F-FDG in PET is used to assess which metabolic process?
• The ratio of image to object as a function of spatial frequency is known as which concept?
• Which term describes the physiological rate of elimination of a substance, independent of its physical decay?
• Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive drugs used for what purposes?
• Nuclear Medicine is only a 2D modality.
• Which radiotracer is a glucose analog used in PET?
• What does a T-score represent in bone mineral density assessment?
• What does SONAR stand for?
• For limb imaging, which coil is recommended?
• Which unit is used to describe the strength of an MRI magnet?
• Which lumbar vertebrae are typically included in a standard DXA lumbar spine assessment?
• What phenomenon occurs when a spinning object is acted on by an external force?
• In which decade was the concept of ultrasound first used?
• For hip DXA imaging, what projection is used?
• The Z-score in bone density testing represents...
• Ultrasound concept first used in which decade?